A species of animal bred by humans. The economic advantages derived from livestock breeding are of decisive importance for domestication.
Domesticated animals have been a more reliable source of food than wild animals, whose populations near human settlements are rapidly declining as hunting techniques improve. All domestic animals are descended from wild ancestors and differ in behavior, appearance, internal organization and productivity due to human influence. Except for silkworms and bees, all domestic animals are vertebrates. Among the numerous wildlife species, certain parts belonging to various phyla, classes, orders, families, and genera have been domesticated.
Livestock
includes cattle, sheep, goats, reindeer, camels, llamas, buffalo, yak, bunting,
Gayla, horse, pig, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, chicken, duck, geese, turkey,
guinea fowl, pigeon, and bee It's possible. and Asian silkworms. Certain fish
raised in ponds and aquariums, "decorative" birds (canaries and
peacocks), and laboratory animals are close to livestock. Marla and Sicca
constitute a transitional stage between wildlife
and livestock. Cage foxes,
arctic foxes, sabers, minks and nutrias also fall into this category. These
animals are in the domestication stage.
Science has
not yet clarified the question of the wild ancestors of domestic animals. The
ancestry of pigs is presumed to be a variety of wild boar (European, Indian and
Mediterranean) and domestic sheep, as well as wild sheep found in Europe
(Corsica, Sardinia), Asia Minor, Central Asia and Central Asia. Gastralgia and
Macro are considered to be the ancestors of domestic goats, and Urus is
considered to be the ancestor of cattle.
As for the
origin of horses, many scientists agree that the main ancestors of horses are
tarps and Archivalia’s horses. Red forest wild birds are considered the
ancestors of many types of chickens.
The time and
place where the first animals were domesticated is mainly determined through
excavations of primitive settlements. Excavations show that dogs were
domesticated before other animals in the Mesolithic Age. Pigs, sheep, goats,
and cattle were domesticated during the Neolithic. And the horse was later
domesticated. Since the Mesolithic and Neolithic Ages did not begin at the same
time in different parts of the world, Neolithic cultures had not only the
primary domestication of animals, but also the process of breeding already
domesticated animals. The presumed region of origin of livestock is determined
to a large extent by the zoological distribution of its wild ancestors.
However, during the domestication period, it is easier to establish the place
of origin and domestication of animals with a small ancestral range (e.g. yak,
bunting, chicken). It is more difficult to establish the putative origin of
animals such as cattle, dogs and pigs, whose wild ancestors are widely
distributed in Asia, Africa, and Europe. It is clear that the areas of ancient
origin of livestock were the Near East and Asia Minor, followed by the ancient
cultural areas of the Nile, Tigris, Euphrates, Ganges, Indus, Amu Darya, and
the Yellow Lake Basin. River and the upper Eni sei River, and other areas where
agriculture first appeared.
Domestication
of livestock probably occurred in several ways. It is the natural contact
between people and animals and the forced domestication of young animals and
adults.
Various
breeds have been developed from many species of livestock that have been shaped
under the influence of natural socioeconomic and historical conditions and have
been adapted to meet diverse human needs. New environmental conditions and the
influence of artificial selection have led to the gradual domestication of
captive wild animals and the development of different breeds. At first,
unconsciously, and later on purpose, humans tried to get more productivity from
livestock. Thus, wild hens lay about 15 eggs per year, while some modern breed
chickens lay about 300 eggs per year. Female wild cows produce only a few
hundred kilograms of milk per lactation, while the most modern cows of bred
breeds produce about 10,000 to 15,000 kilograms of milk. A wild pig that breeds
once a year produces 5 to 6 piglets, whereas a modern improved bovine pig
breeds twice a year, producing 25 to 30 piglets a year. Much work has been done
to improve existing livestock breeds and to develop new breeds. Ranchers
develop new breeds to meet the needs of agriculture and industry by
crossbreeding historically established local breeds with their ancestry, selecting
and breeding the best animals, and breeding them for young people (e.g.,
breeding through special feeding). are doing
Domestic
species are bred for food, work, clothing, medicine, and many other uses.
Plants and livestock must be raised and cared for by humans. Domesticated
species are not wild.
Animals that are good for domestication often share certain
characteristics:
·
They grow quickly and mature, making them efficient to cultivate.
·
They breed easily in captivity and can experience breeding seasons
several times a year.
·
They eat a plant-based diet that makes their diet cheaper.
·
They adapt easily to harsh and changing conditions.
·
It is easier for humans to control because they live in groups or have
ancestors who live in groups.
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